#Mentalhealthexperts assumed that people of all races had the same risk factors for self-harm. Emerging evidence suggests that is not the case.

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By Christina Caron

Joe was 17 when he decided life wasn’t worth living.

He was tired of the violence in his Boston neighborhood, where his older brother had spent more than a year recovering from a gunshot wound to his leg. And he was especially tired of the comments about his weight.

“You think you can sit on that chair?” his classmates would ask.

Other times they were more direct, saying simply: “You’re fat.”

“Sometimes I’d be so depressed I wouldn’t eat for three days,” said Joe, now 25, who was a lineman on his high school’s football team.

(Joe’s surname and that of another young person interviewed for this article are being withheld to protect their privacy. Joe is being identified by his middle name.)

He thought about ending his life if the bullying didn’t stop. Those thoughts eventually became so pervasive that one day he came home from #school and took a small handful of pills. But it was enough only to produce a bad stomachache.

Months later, he was still feeling depressed. “Let me go see a therapist. My head’s not right,” he told his father. “I’m having these thoughts of killing myself — that you’d all be better without me here.”

Joe still remembers his father’s response: “That’s not true. We love you. But you want to talk to somebody and tell someone that? They’re going to think you’re crazy.”

Over the past generation, a #mentalhealthcrisis has been brewing among #Black youths like Joe, one that very few people — including #Black families — have spoken about publicly. Self-reported #suicide attempts rose nearly 80 percent among #Black #adolescents from 1991 to 2019, while the prevalence of attempts did not change significantly among those of other #races and #ethnicities. Legislators and academics are now pushing for better research to understand why, especially in light of new evidence that suggests #Black #children may have unique risk factors for self-harm.

#JamesDonaldson notes:

Welcome to the “next chapter” of my life… being a voice and an advocate for #mentalhealthawarenessandsuicideprevention, especially pertaining to our younger generation of students and student-athletes.

Getting men to speak up and reach out for help and assistance is one of my passions. Us men need to not suffer in silence or drown our sorrows in alcohol, hang out at bars and strip joints, or get involved with drug use.

Having gone through a recent bout of #depression and #suicidalthoughts myself, I realize now, that I can make a huge difference in the lives of so many by sharing my story, and by sharing various resources I come across as I work in this space.  #http://bit.ly/JamesMentalHealthArticle

‘I Didn’t Necessarily Want to Die’

One study of #highschool #students, published in September, found that the #Black #teenagers surveyed were more likely than the white #teenagers to have attempted #suicide without first having suicidal thoughts or plans. Because #suicide screening questionnaires typically ask whether people are having suicidal thoughts or have made plans to hurt themselves, the authors speculated that the questionnaires might fail to identify some #Black #youths who are at risk of #suicide, or that there could be additional factors that might indicate a need for intervention.

More research is needed, but a government study conducted last year suggested that #Black #children and #adolescents who died by #suicide were more likely than white #youths to have experienced a crisis in the two weeks before they died. They were also more likely to have had a family relationship problem, argument or conflict, or a history of #suicideattempts.

Jordan Burnham, who survived a jump from a ninth-story window when he was 18, said that if he had been asked whether he was planning to kill himself that day, the answer would have been no.

“I couldn’t even think that far ahead,” he said.

The fall broke his pelvis, shattered his left leg and fractured his wrist, skull and jaw. It would be four years before he could walk again.

“I didn’t necessarily want to die,” added Mr. Burnham, who is now 32 and visits as many as 60 #schools a year to speak about #suicideprevention and #mentalillness. “But the part of me that had #depression and shame and sadness everyday — I wanted that pain to die. I wanted that part to go away.”

On the day of his #suicideattempt, he was confronted by his #parents about a stash of #alcohol that they had found in his car. Although Mr. Burnham was diagnosed with #depression as a #teenager, he became so good at hiding it that even his own family members, who were loving and supportive, did not fully understand how much pain he held inside — or the extent to which he felt like an outsider as one of the few #Black #students at a mostly white #school in suburban Philadelphia.

#Suicide and #mentalillness are often thought of as a “white phenomenon,” said Michael A. Lindsey, the executive director of the McSilver Institute for Poverty Policy and Research at New York University, who studies the #mentalhealth of #Black #adolescents.

Looking at the raw numbers, it’s easy to understand why. White deaths by #suicide far outnumber those of #Black people. But when taking into account #youth #suicide rates — the number of suicides per 100,000 individuals under age 25 — a different picture emerges.

“I think the statistics are shocking,” said Dr. Lindsey, who was the first to document trends in rising #suicide attempts among #Black #adolescents.

A 2018 study found that while the #suicide rate of #Black #children 5 to 12 was low, it was nearly twice that of white #children in the same age group. In one of the most recent examples, a 10-year-old #Black #girl with #autism died by #suicide in Utah in early November. Her #parents said she had been subjected to #racist bullying by her classmates.

Among #teenagers and young #adults, #suicide rates remain highest among whites, #NativeAmericans and Alaska Natives. But while the #suicide rate has recently declined among those groups, it has continued to rise among #Black #youths. From 2013 to 2019 the #suicide rate of #Black #boys and #men 15 to 24 years old rose by 47 percent, and by 59 percent for #Black #girls and #women of the same age.

#Adolescents of color who identify as #LGBTQ. may be especially at risk of a #suicideattempt, according to a national survey conducted by the Trevor Project, a #suicideprevention group for #LGBTQ #youth.

Despite the #racial disparities — and the fact that #suicide is the second leading cause of death among all #adolescents — there has been a dearth of research examining the #racial and #ethnic differences in #youth #suicidalideation, plans or #suicideattempts.

This is partly because #Black researchers who examine health disparities have been underfunded — in March the director of the #NationalInstitutesofHealth issued a public apology for “structural #racism in biomedical research” — but also because there are only a handful of academics who study these topics.

“You have to bring culture into this, you have to talk about #racism, you have to talk about discrimination,” said Arielle Sheftall, a principal investigator at the #CenterforSuicidePrevention and Research at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. “It is something that #Black #youth experience every single day.”

A report presented to Congress in 2019 identified gaps in research and policy and has resulted in more research dollars flowing to studies related to #Black #youth #suicide, including a program to teach middle schoolers about #mentalhealth and a #suicideprevention intervention called Success Over Stress, which touches on themes like systemic #racism and #police brutality to help ninth-grade #students at predominantly #Black #schools develop coping skills.

“These kids have stressors that are uniquely different than other kids,” said LaVome Robinson, the lead investigator of the Success Over #Stress study and a professor of #psychology at DePaul University in Chicago.

‘Nothing to #Stress About’

Deaths by #suicide are more common among #boys than #girls overall, but a study published in September found that #suicide rates among #Black #girls increased by an average of 6.6 percent each year from 2003 to 2017 — more than twice the increase for #Black #boys. A diagnosis of #depression or #anxiety was more common among the #girls. Additionally, nearly 20 percent of the #girls had engaged in an argument within 24 hours of their deaths.

Denise (her middle name), 19, a high school senior in Cleveland, lives with her mother and six siblings. She struggles with #depression and #anxiety, largely driven by conflict at home and the lingering trauma of a sexual assault.

“When I told Mom how I was feeling, she didn’t seem to care,” Denise said, adding: “She said I had nothing to #stress about because I’m a kid.”

“I just felt like there was nothing nobody could do to change the situation.”

One evening in September, after a disagreement with her mother, she texted one of her #school counselors and told her: “I don’t want to be here no more.”

Her counselor insisted that she go to the hospital to get a psychiatric evaluation.

“The first three nights I spent in the hospital, all I could do is cry,” said Denise, who received her first prescription for psychiatric medication while she was there. “I just felt relieved that somebody could actually understand what I’m going through. It felt good to let it all out after holding it in for so long.”

Suicidal behavior is already a well-known problem in Denise’s #school district, which is about two-thirds #Black. In 2019, data from the #CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention showed that 18 percent of Cleveland #highschool #students had attempted #suicide in the previous 12 months, compared with about 9 percent nationally. Many #students in Cleveland face chronic stressors, including neighborhood violence and food insecurity. Researchers have found that young people are more likely to die by #suicide in high-poverty communities.

Lisa Ellis, a counselor at a #highschool in Cleveland, developed an eight-week program for first-year #students at her #school that aims to help reduce the #stigma of #mentalillness, which she sees as a large barrier preventing #studentsofcolor from getting the help they need.

The curriculum includes videos, like TED talks about #mentalhealth, as well as discussions about various #mentalhealthdiagnoses and healthy coping mechanisms to help students regulate their emotions inside and outside the classroom.

‘Keeping Your Business Out of the Street’

An #AmericanPsychologicalAssociation report found that only 4 percent of #psychologists in the #UnitedStates in 2015 were #Black, even though #Black people represent 13 percent of the population. A similar disparity exists among #socialworkers and #psychiatrists.

Tips for #Parents to Help Their Struggling #Teens

Are you concerned for your #teen? If you worry that your #teen might be experiencing #depression or suicidal thoughts, there are a few things you can do to help. Dr. Christine Moutier, the chief medical officer of the #AmericanFoundationforSuicidePrevention, suggests these steps:

Look for changes. Notice shifts in sleeping and eating habits in your #teen, as well as any issues he or she might be having at #school, such as slipping grades. Watch for angry outbursts, mood swings and a loss of interest in activities they used to love. Stay attuned to their #socialmedia posts as well.

Keep the lines of communication open. If you notice something unusual, start a conversation. But your child might not want to talk. In that case, offer him or her help in finding a trusted person to share their struggles with instead.

Seek out professional support. A child who expresses suicidal thoughts may benefit from a #mentalhealth evaluation and treatment. You can start by speaking with your child’s #pediatrician or a #mentalhealthprofessional.

In an emergency: If you have immediate concern for your child’s safety, do not leave him or her alone. Call a #suicidepreventionlifeline. Lock up any potentially lethal objects. #Children who are actively trying to harm themselves should be taken to the closest emergency room.

Resources If you’re worried about someone in your life and don’t know how to help, these resources can offer guidance:1. The #NationalSuicidePreventionLifeline: 1-800-273-8255 (TALK) 2. The #CrisisTextLine: Text TALK to 741741 3. The #AmericanFoundationforSuicidePrevention

“This is a deterrent,” said Dr. Kali D. Cyrus, a psychiatrist at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C., and an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University. Talking about your family’s business with a white person — much less an outsider — is often discouraged in the #Black community, added Dr. Cyrus, who is #Black.

Most #mentalhealthcare for #children takes place in public #schools via #school #psychologists or counselors. This is especially true in low-income districts where other resources are scarce. But these professionals are also in short supply.

Even when #mentalhealthprofessionals are available, research has shown that #Black #adolescents’ #depression often goes untreated because of negative perceptions of services and providers or feelings of shame about experiencing depressive symptoms.

“#Black families don’t typically have literacy in discussing ‘feelings’ with each other,” Dr. Cyrus said in an email. “There is also the strong value of ‘keeping your business out of the street.’”

Ever since Kathy Williams’s teenage son Torian Graves took his life in 1996, she has been teaching the people in her hometown, Durham, N.C., about the symptoms she missed and the importance of #mentalhealthtreatment. But the stigma is still strong, she said. Some #parents are afraid of being judged and don’t trust therapists. Sometimes they say: “Just pray about it. It will go away.”

Yes, she said, prayer is good. But treating #mentalillness requires more than that.

After her son died, she found a poem in his room that he had written as a class assignment.

It reads:

Part of me is Carolina Blue,Full of Flavor and Excitement,Like a Wild RollercoasterOn the Loose.But, At times,I’m mean, dark, lonely,Black, mad at the world,Like a lost dog in the desert,Yet, they are both true,And they are both me.

“Wow, this is the way my child was feeling,” she recalled thinking at the time.

“I saw him angry at times and couldn’t figure out why,” she said of her son, who was 15 when he died. “I believe Torian was depressed and we didn’t know it.”

To help remove the #stigma associated with therapy, Dr. Lindsey has developed a pilot program at five New York City public middle and #highschools that recruits #Black youths who are experiencing symptoms of #depression and enrolls them in therapy with a clinician at a school-based #mentalhealth clinic.

When #parents are informed that their #children have #mentalhealthchallenges, they often feel as if they did something wrong, Dr. Lindsey said.

“The first thing we tell them is this is not your fault, this is not the result of bad parenting,” he added.

As for Joe, who had been struggling with #depression in Boston, he did eventually find a therapist with the help of his mother and his primary care doctor, and started therapy at the beginning of 12th grade.

“Talking to someone every Wednesday for one hour, it just did something,” he said. “It made me feel like a person, like I was wanted.”

His father and the rest of his family noticed that he wasn’t as angry anymore.

“It’s not that I was crazy,” Joe said. “I needed someone to understand what I was going through, to give me a way to deal with it.

Now, Joe said, “I love who I am.”

If you’re worried about someone in your life and unsure of how to help, use one of these free, 24-7 resources:

The #NationalSuicidePreventionLifeline: 1-800-273-8255 (TALK)

The Crisis Text Line: Text TALK to 741741

The #AmericanFoundationforSuicidePrevention

This article was produced as part of the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism’s 2021 National Fellowship.

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